systems
Boundaries, structure, and the long arc of a system.
4 pieces · 2025
The shape of questions a system invites
Systems shape the questions that get asked of them. The most expensive ones are the questions a system makes hard to ask.
Good systems reduce panic
A quieter test for system quality—the one that survives a year on call.
Continuity over intensity
A short essay on why the second-year experience is the real product.
A product is also an operating model
To change a product durably, design both surfaces—the one users touch, and the one that produces it.